• Smoking
    • Effects
      • Resp
        • Decreased FEV₁
          • COPD
        • Decreased O₂ carriage
          • Hypoxaemia
        • Irritable upper airway
          • Laryngospasm
        • Irritable lower airway
          • Bronchospasm
        • Depressed ciliary function
          • Retained secretions and infection
        • Increased CC
          • Shunt
      • CV
        • HT
          • Perioperative ischaemia
        • IHD
          • MI
        • Hypercoagulation
          • Thrombosis
      • GI
        • Crohn's disease
        • GORD
        • Increased anastamotic leak
        • Peptic ulcerations take longer to heal
      • Neuro
        • Increased rate of SAH, CVA
        • Reduced PONV
      • Immune
        • Impaired immune function
        • Wound infections commoner
    • Takes 6/12 cessation for post-op pulmonary complications to fall to the same as non-smokers and may be worse in the first 2/12 after cessation
    • Benefits
      • 12-24 hrs
        • Clearance of CO
      • 2-10 days
        • Improvements in upper airway reactivity
      • 1/12
        • Possible increase in post-op pulmonary complications
      • 5-6/12
        • Reduction in post-op complications
      • Years
        • Reduction in lung cancer, COPD, IHD, CVD
    • CEACCP
      Link:ceaccp.oxfordjournals.org/content/1/4/122.full.pdf