- C-Spine injury in the unconscious patient and c-spine surgery
- Most common in 20-30y males
- Falls
- Assaults
- RTCs
- Sporting injuries
- Factors increasing likelihood
- MRI is reserved for people with focal neurology.
- There should be two signatures between the radiologist, surgeon and ITU team
- If clinical improvement is likely, the collar can be left on
- Helical CT can also suggest evidence of ligamentous injury, though they may be missed. Even so, the risk of them being unstable are low (<0.1%)
- If the patient is unconscious, you need to have complete imaging of the c-spine from C1-T1. Need x-rays (ideally) and CT with 3D reconstruction +/- flexion/extension fluroscopy
- 5% of patients admitted with c-spine injury will deteriorate neurologically
- Airway management
- No evidence awake procedures results in a better neurological outcome
- Probably best to use a familiar technique
- Some degree of airway obstruction post-op is common due to haematoma, oedema. It is commoner after combined anterior and posterior approaches. It usually presents in 6hrs.
- Warning signs
- Stridor
- Patients want to sit up
- Oximetry is normal until late
- Presence of a drain does not prevent swelling
- Mx
- Gas induction +/- propofol boluses
- AFOI
- ILMA
- LMA + fibroscope
- Aim to maintain a good MAP but not too high so as to promote oedema. Ischaemic damage was though to occur at the cervical-thoracic junction due to precarious blood supply but it is actually commoner at C2/C3.
- Clinical deterioration can occur and the cause is not always clear. An anterior or central cord syndrome is most common
- Sensory and motor evoked potentials are increasingly used
- Look out for associated conditions (e.g. RhA, Down's) where anterior antlanto-axial instability (AAS) may be subtle in 50%, with mild neurology, occipital, facial and sometimes electric shock pains common. The commonest pathology is due to laxity of the transverse and apical dental ligaments.
- C-spine surgery may be needed for root entrapment, tumours, infection, disc protrusions, stenosis
- CEACCP
Link:ceaccp.oxfordjournals.org/content/8/4/117.full.pdf