• Respiratory
    • Pneumothorax
      • Primary
        • No lung disease present
      • Secondary
        • E.g. Lung disease present
      • Drainage
        • If > 2 cm or breathless
        • Smaller pneumothoraces may be drained in secondary causes
    • Sleep apnoea
      • Central
      • OSAS
        • Symptoms
          • Heavy snoring
            Poor memory
            Mood changes
            Headaches
            Daytime somnolence
        • Consequences
          • Cardiac
            • HT, IHD, CVD, R heart failure
          • Neurological
            • Headaches, anxiety, intracranial HT, reduced cognition
          • Respiratory
            • Hypoxaemia, hypercapnoea, PAH,
          • Haematological
            • Polycythaemia
          • Endocrine
            • Reduced GH levels, DM, low testosterone
          • GIT
            • GORD
        • Signs
          • Increased neck circumference > 44 cm
            Cyanosis
            Hypoxia
            CO₂ tremor
            HT
            Signs of R heart failure
        • Diagnosis
          • History
            Polysomnography
            EEG
            Pulse oximetry
            Mouth/nasal airflow
            Snoring level
            Apnoeic episodes > 10s against a closed glottis
            (> 5/hr or 30 during the night)